Chapter 8. Marshalling XML using O/X Mappers

8.1. Introduction

In this chapter, we will describe Spring's Object/XML Mapping support. Object/XML Mapping, or O/X mapping for short, is the act of converting an XML document to and from an object. This conversion process is also known as XML Marshalling, or XML Serialization. This chapter uses these terms interchangeably.

Within the field of O/X mapping, a marshaller is responsible for serializing an object (graph) to XML. In similar fashion, an unmarshaller deserializes the XML to an object graph. This XML can take the form of a DOM document, an input or output stream, or a SAX handler.

Some of the benefits of using Spring for your O/X mapping needs are:

Ease of configuration.  Spring's bean factory makes it easy to configure marshallers, without needing to construct JAXB context, JiBX binding factories, etc. The marshallers can be configured as any other bean in your application context. Additionally, XML Schema-based configuration is available for a number of marshallers, making the configuration even simpler.

Consistent Interfaces.  Spring's O/X mapping operates through two global interfaces: the Marshaller and Unmarshaller interface. These abstractions allow you to switch O/X mapping frameworks with relative ease, with little or no changes required on the classes that do the marshalling. This approach has the additional benefit of making it possible to do XML marshalling with a mix-and-match approach (e.g. some marshalling performed using JAXB, other using XMLBeans) in a non-intrusive fashion, leveraging the strength of each technology.

Consistent Exception Hierarchy.  Spring provides a conversion from exceptions from the underlying O/X mapping tool to its own exception hierarchy with the XmlMappingException as the root exception. As can be expected, these runtime exceptions wrap the original exception so no information is lost.

8.2. Marshaller and Unmarshaller

As stated in the introduction, a marshaller serializes an object to XML, and an unmarshaller deserializes XML stream to an object. In this section, we will describe the two Spring interfaces used for this purpose.

8.2.1. Marshaller

Spring abstracts all marshalling operations behind the org.springframework.oxm.Marshaller interface, the main methods of which is listed below.

public interface Marshaller {

    /**
     * Marshals the object graph with the given root into the provided Result.
     */
    void marshal(Object graph, Result result)
        throws XmlMappingException, IOException;
}

The Marshaller interface has one main method, which marshals the given object to a given javax.xml.transform.Result. Result is a tagging interface that basically represents an XML output abstraction: concrete implementations wrap various XML representations, as indicated in the table below.

javax.xml.transform.Result implementationWraps XML representation
javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMResultorg.w3c.dom.Node
javax.xml.transform.sax.SAXResultorg.xml.sax.ContentHandler
javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult java.io.File, java.io.OutputStream, or java.io.Writer

Note

Although the marshal method accepts a plain object as its first parameter, most Marshaller implementations cannot handle arbitrary objects. Instead, an object class must be mapped in a mapping file, registered with the marshaller, or have a common base class. Refer to the further sections in this chapter to determine how your O/X technology of choice manages this.

8.2.2. Unmarshaller

Similar to the Marshaller, there is the org.springframework.oxm.Unmarshaller interface.

public interface Unmarshaller {

    /**
     * Unmarshals the given provided Source into an object graph.
     */
    Object unmarshal(Source source)
        throws XmlMappingException, IOException;
}

This interface also has one method, which reads from the given javax.xml.transform.Source (an XML input abstraction), and returns the object read. As with Result, Source is a tagging interface that has three concrete implementations. Each wraps a different XML representation, as indicated in the table below.

javax.xml.transform.Source implementationWraps XML representation
javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSourceorg.w3c.dom.Node
javax.xml.transform.sax.SAXSource org.xml.sax.InputSource, and org.xml.sax.XMLReader
javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource java.io.File, java.io.InputStream, or java.io.Reader

Even though there are two separate marshalling interfaces (Marshaller and Unmarshaller), all implementations found in Spring-WS implement both in one class. This means that you can wire up one marshaller class and refer to it both as a marshaller and an unmarshaller in your applicationContext.xml.

8.2.3. XmlMappingException

Spring converts exceptions from the underlying O/X mapping tool to its own exception hierarchy with the XmlMappingException as the root exception. As can be expected, these runtime exceptions wrap the original exception so no information will be lost.

Additionally, the MarshallingFailureException and UnmarshallingFailureException provide a distinction between marshalling and unmarshalling operations, even though the underlying O/X mapping tool does not do so.

The O/X Mapping exception hierarchy is shown in the following figure:

O/X Mapping exception hierarchy

8.3. Using Marshaller and Unmarshaller

Spring's OXM can be used for a wide variety of situations. In the following example, we will use it to marshal the settings of a Spring-managed application as an XML file. We will use a simple JavaBean to represent the settings:

public class Settings {
    private boolean fooEnabled;

    public boolean isFooEnabled() {
        return fooEnabled;
    }

    public void setFooEnabled(boolean fooEnabled) {
        this.fooEnabled = fooEnabled;
    }
}

The application class uses this bean to store its settings. Besides a main method, the class has two methods: saveSettings saves the settings bean to a file named settings.xml, and loadSettings loads these settings again. A main method constructs a Spring application context, and calls these two methods.

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.oxm.Marshaller;
import org.springframework.oxm.Unmarshaller;

public class Application {
    private static final String FILE_NAME = "settings.xml";
    private Settings settings = new Settings();
    private Marshaller marshaller;
    private Unmarshaller unmarshaller;

    public void setMarshaller(Marshaller marshaller) {
        this.marshaller = marshaller;
    }

    public void setUnmarshaller(Unmarshaller unmarshaller) {
        this.unmarshaller = unmarshaller;
    }

    public void saveSettings() throws IOException {
        FileOutputStream os = null;
        try {
            os = new FileOutputStream(FILE_NAME);
            this.marshaller.marshal(settings, new StreamResult(os));
        } finally {
            if (os != null) {
                os.close();
            }
        }
    }

    public void loadSettings() throws IOException {
        FileInputStream is = null;
        try {
            is = new FileInputStream(FILE_NAME);
            this.settings = (Settings) this.unmarshaller.unmarshal(new StreamSource(is));
        } finally {
            if (is != null) {
                is.close();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ApplicationContext appContext =
            new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        Application application = (Application) appContext.getBean("application");
        application.saveSettings();
        application.loadSettings();
    }
}

The Application requires both a marshaller and unmarshaller property to be set. We can do so using the following applicationContext.xml:

<beans>
    <bean id="application" class="Application">
        <property name="marshaller" ref="castorMarshaller" />
        <property name="unmarshaller" ref="castorMarshaller" />
    </bean>
    <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller"/>
</beans>

This application context uses Castor, but we could have used any of the other marshaller instances described later in this chapter. Note that Castor does not require any further configuration by default, so the bean definition is rather simple. Also note that the CastorMarshaller implements both Marshaller and Unmarshaller, so we can refer to the castorMarshaller bean in both the marshaller and unmarshaller property of the application.

This sample application produces the following settings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<settings foo-enabled="false"/>

8.4. XML Schema-based Configuration

Marshallers could be configured more concisely using tags from the OXM namespace. To make these tags available, the appropriate schema has to be referenced first in the preamble of the XML configuration file. The emboldened text in the below snippet references the OXM schema:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:oxm="http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm/spring-oxm-1.5.xsd">

Currently, the following tags are available:

Each tag will be explained in its respective marshaller's section. As an example though, here is how the configuration of a JAXB2 marshaller might look like:

<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller" contextPath="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>

8.5. JAXB

The JAXB binding compiler translates a W3C XML Schema into one or more Java classes, a jaxb.properties file, and possibly other files, depending on the specific implementation of JAXB. Alternatively, JAXB2 offers a way to generate a schema from annotated Java classes.

Spring supports both the JAXB 1.0 and the JAXB 2.0 API as XML marshalling strategies, following the Marshaller and Unmarshaller interfaces described in Section 8.2, “Marshaller and Unmarshaller”. The corresponding integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.jaxb package.

8.5.1. Jaxb1Marshaller

The Jaxb1Marshaller class implements both the Spring Marshaller and Unmarshallerinterface. It requires a context path to operate, which you can set using the contextPath property. The context path is a list of colon (:) separated Java package names that contain schema derived classes. The marshaller has an additional validating property which defines whether to validate incoming XML.

The next sample bean configuration shows how to configure a JaxbMarshaller using the classes generated to org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.

<beans>

    <bean id="jaxb1Marshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb1Marshaller">
        <property name="contextPath" value="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>
    </bean>
    ...

</beans>

8.5.1.1. XML Schema-based Configuration

The jaxb1-marshaller tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb1Marshaller. Here is an example:

<oxm:jaxb1-marshaller id="marshaller" contextPath="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>

Available attributes are:

AttributeDescriptionRequired
idthe id of the marshallerno
contextPaththe JAXB Context pathyes
validatingindicates whether the incoming XML should be validatedno

8.5.2. Jaxb2Marshaller

The Jaxb2Marshaller can be configured using the same contextPath property as the Jaxb1Marshaller. However, it also offers a classesToBeBound property, which allows you to set an array of classes to be supported by the marshaller. Schema validation is performed by specifying one or more schema resource to the bean, like so:

<beans>

    <bean id="jaxb2Marshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb2Marshaller">
        <property name="classesToBeBound">
            <list>
                <value>org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Flight</value>
                <value>org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Flights</value>                
            </list>
        </property>
        <property name="schema" value="classpath:org/springframework/oxm/schema.xsd"/>
    </bean>
    ...

</beans>

8.5.2.1. XML Schema-based Configuration

The jaxb2-marshaller tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb2Marshaller. Here is an example:

<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller" contextPath="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>

Alternatively, the list of classes to bind can be provided to the marshaller via the class-to-be-bound child tag:

<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller">
    <oxm:class-to-be-bound name="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Airport"/>
    <oxm:class-to-be-bound name="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Flight"/>
    ...
</oxm:jaxb2-marshaller>
	        	

Available attributes are:

AttributeDescriptionRequired
idthe id of the marshallerno
contextPaththe JAXB Context pathno

8.6. Castor

Castor XML mapping is an open source XML binding framework. It allows you to transform the data contained in a java object model into/from an XML document. By default, it does not require any further configuration, though a mapping file can be used to have more control over the behavior of Castor.

For more information on Castor, refer to the Castor web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.castor package.

8.6.1. CastorMarshaller

As with JAXB, the CastorMarshaller implements both the Marshaller and Unmarshaller interface. It can be wired up as follows:

<beans>

    <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller" />
    ...

</beans>

8.6.2. Mapping

Although it is possible to rely on Castor's default marshalling behavior, it might be necessary to have more control over it. This can be accomplished using a Castor mapping file. For more information, refer to Castor XML Mapping.

The mapping can be set using the mappingLocation resource property, indicated below with a classpath resource.

<beans>
    <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller" >
        <property name="mappingLocation" value="classpath:mapping.xml" />
    </bean>
</beans>

8.7. XMLBeans

XMLBeans is an XML binding tool that has full XML Schema support, and offers full XML Infoset fidelity. It takes a different approach to that of most other O/X mapping frameworks, in that all classes that are generated from an XML Schema are all derived from XmlObject, and contain XML binding information in them.

For more information on XMLBeans, refer to the XMLBeans web site . The Spring-WS integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans package.

8.7.1. XmlBeansMarshaller

The XmlBeansMarshaller implements both the Marshaller and Unmarshaller interfaces. It can be configured as follows:

<beans>

    <bean id="xmlBeansMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans.XmlBeansMarshaller" />
    ...

</beans>

Note

Note that the XmlBeansMarshaller can only marshal objects of type XmlObject, and not every java.lang.Object.

8.7.1.1. XML Schema-based Configuration

The xmlbeans-marshaller tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans.XmlBeansMarshaller. Here is an example:

<oxm:xmlbeans-marshaller id="marshaller"/>

Available attributes are:

AttributeDescriptionRequired
idthe id of the marshallerno
optionsthe bean name of the XmlOptions that is to be used for this marshaller. Typically a XmlOptionsFactoryBean definitionno

8.8. JiBX

The JiBX framework offers a solution similar to that which JDO provides for ORM: a binding definition defines the rules for how your Java objects are converted to or from XML. After preparing the binding and compiling the classes, a JiBX binding compiler enhances the class files, and adds code to handle converting instances of the classes from or to XML.

For more information on JiBX, refer to the JiBX web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.jibx package.

8.8.1. JibxMarshaller

The JibxMarshaller class implements both the Marshaller and Unmarshaller interface. To operate, it requires the name of the class to marshall in, which you can set using the targetClass property. Optionally, you can set the binding name using the bindingName property. In the next sample, we bind the Flights class:

<beans>

    <bean id="jibxFlightsMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.jibx.JibxMarshaller">
        <property name="targetClass">org.springframework.oxm.jibx.Flights</property>
    </bean>

    ...

A JibxMarshaller is configured for a single class. If you want to marshal multiple classes, you have to configure multiple JibxMarshallers with different targetClass property values.

8.8.1.1. XML Schema-based Configuration

The jibx-marshaller tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.jibx.JibxMarshaller. Here is an example:

<oxm:jibx-marshaller id="marshaller" target-class="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Flight"/>

Available attributes are:

AttributeDescriptionRequired
idthe id of the marshallerno
target-classthe target class for this marshalleryes
bindingNamethe binding name used by this marshallerno

8.9. XStream

XStream is a simple library to serialize objects to XML and back again. It does not require any mapping, and generates clean XML.

For more information on XStream, refer to the XStream web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.xstream package.

8.9.1. XStreamMarshaller

The XStreamMarshaller does not require any configuration, and can be configured in an application context directly. To further customize the XML, you can set an alias map, which consists of string aliases mapped to classes:

<beans>

    <bean id="xstreamMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.xstream.XStreamMarshaller">
        <property name="aliases">
            <props>
                <prop key="Flight">org.springframework.oxm.xstream.Flight</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>
    ...

</beans>

Note

Note that XStream is an XML serialization library, not a data binding library. Therefore, it has limited namespace support. As such, it is rather unsuitable for usage within Web services.